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Journal Issue: Critical Issues For Children and Youths Volume 5 Number 2 Summer/Fall 1995

Effects of Welfare Reform on Teenage Parents and Their Children
Authors: J. Lawrence Aber Jeanne Brooks-Gunn Rebecca A. Maynard

Endnotes

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  6. Friedlander, D., Freedman, S., and Riccio, J. GAIN: Two-year impacts in six counties. New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation, 1993.
  7. Maynard, R. Subsidized employment and non-labor market alternatives to welfare. In The work alternative: Welfare and the realities of the job market. D. Nightengale and R. Haveman, eds.Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 1994.
  8. Strain, M., and Kisker, E. Literacy and the disadvantaged: Analysis of data from the national assessment of educational progress. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., 1989.
  9. Hershey, A., and Rangarajan, A. Delivering education and employment services to teenage parents: Lessons from the Teenage Parent Demonstration. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., 1993.
  10. Martinson, K., and Friedlander, D. GAIN: Basic education in a welfare-to-work program. New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation, 1994.
  11. Bachrach, C.A., Clogg, C.C., and Carver, K. Outcomes of early childbearing: Summary of a conference. Journal of Research on Adolescence (1993) 3,4:337-48.
  12. Chase-Lansdale, P.L., Brooks-Gunn, J., and Paikoff, R.L. Research and programs for adolescent mothers: Missing links and future promises. Family Relations (1991) 40,4:396-404.
  13. Hayes, Cheryl D. Risking the future: Adolescent sexuality, pregnancy and childbearing. Final Report of the National Research Council's Panel on Adolescent Pregnancy and Childbearing, Vol. 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1987.
  14. Upchurch, D., and McCarthy, J. Adolescent childbearing and high school completion in the 1980s: Have things changed? Family Planning Perspectives (1989) 21:199-202.
  15. Furstenberg, F.F., Jr., Brooks-Gunn, J., and Morgan, P. Adolescent mothers in later life. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
  16. Furstenberg, F.F., Jr., Brooks-Gunn, J., and Chase-Lansdale, L. Adolescent fertility and pub-lic policy. American Psychologist (1989) 44,2:313-20.
  17. Brooks-Gunn, J., and Furstenberg, F.F., Jr. Continuity and change in the context of poverty: Adolescent mothers and their children. In The malleability of children. J.J. Gallagher and C.T. Ramey, eds. Baltimore: Brookes, 1987, pp. 171-88.
  18. U.S. General Accounting Office. Families on welfare: Teenage mothers least likely to become self-sufficient. GAO/HEHS-94-115. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office, 1994.
  19. Ellwood, D. Targeting strategies for welfare recipients. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., 1986.
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  21. Brooks-Gunn, J., and Furstenberg, F.F., Jr. Antecedents and consequences of parenting: The case of adolescent motherhood. In Origins of nurturance. A. Fogel and G. Melson, eds. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1986, pp. 233-58.
  22. Brooks-Gunn, J., and Chase-Lansdale, P.L. Adolescent parents. In Handbook of Parenting. M. Bornstein, ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, in press.
  23. Furstenberg, F.F. Unplanned parenthood: The social consequences of teenage childbearing. New York: Free Press, 1976.
  24. Brooks-Gunn, J., Guo, G., and Furstenberg, F.F., Jr. Who drops out of and who continues beyond high school? A 20-year follow-up of black urban youth. Journal of Research on Adolescence (1993) 3,3:271-94.
  25. Baydar, N., Brooks-Gunn, J., and Furstenberg, F.F., Jr. Antecedents of literacy in disadvantaged youth. Child Development (1993) 64:815-29.
  26. Gueron, J., and Pauly, E. From welfare to work. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1991.
  27. Chase-Lansdale, P.L., and Vinovskis, M.A. Whose responsibility? A historical analysis of the changing roles of mothers, fathers, and society in assuming responsibility for poor U.S. chil-dren. In Escape from poverty: What makes a difference for children? P.L. Chase-Lansdale and J. Brooks-Gunn, eds. New York: Cambridge University Press, in press.
  28. Hagen, J., and Lurie, I. Implementing JOBS: The initial design and structure of local programs. Albany, NY: Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Government, 1993.
  29. U.S. General Accounting Office. Welfare to work: Current AFDC program not sufficiently focused on employment. GAO/HEHS-95-28. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office, 1994.
  30. Cohen, E., Golonka, S., Maynard, R., et al. Welfare reform and literacy: Are we making the connection? Washington, DC: Family Impact Seminar and National Center on Adult Literacy, 1994.
  31. Levin-Epstein, J., and Greenberg, M. Teenage parents and JOBS: Early state statistics. Washington, DC: Center for Law and Social Policy, 1991.
  32. Hill, S., Greenberg, M., and Levin-Epstein, J. Babies on buses: Lessons from initial implementation of the JOBS teenage parents provisions. Washington, DC: Center for Law and Social Policy, 1991.
  33. Pawasarat, Quinn, Stetzer. Evaluation of the impact of Wisconsin's LEARNFARE experiment on the school attendance of teenagers receiving Aid to Families with Dependent Children. Milwaukee: Employment and Training Institute, University of Wisconsin, 1992.
  34. Bloom, D., Kopp, H., Long, D., and Polit, D. LEAP: Implementing a welfare initiative to improve school attendance among teenage parents. New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation, 1991.
  35. Cherlin, A.J. Child care and the Family Support Act: Policy issues. In Escape from poverty: What makes a difference for children? P.L. Chase-Lansdale and J. Brooks-Gunn, eds. New York: Cambridge University Press, in press.
  36. Clewell, B.C., Brooks-Gunn, J., and Benasich, A.A. Evaluating child-related outcomes of teenage parenting programs. Family Relations (1989) 38:201-209.
  37. Schochet, P.Z., and Kisker, E.E. Meeting the child care needs of disadvantaged teenage mothers: Lessons from the Teenage Parent Demonstration. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., 1992.
  38. Kisker, E., and Silverberg, M. Child care utilization by disadvantaged teenage mothers. Journal of Social Issues (1991) 47,2: 159-78.
  39. Hershey, A., and Nagatoshi, C. Implementing services for welfare dependent teenage parents: Experiences in the DHHS/OFA Teenage Parent Demonstration. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., 1989.
  40. Smith, S. Two-generational programs: A new intervention strategy and directions for future research. In Escape from poverty: What makes a difference for children? P.L. Chase-Lansdale and J. Brooks-Gunn, eds. New York: Cambridge University Press, in press.
  41. Smith, S., and Zaslow, M. Rationale and policy context for two-generation interventions. In Two-generation programs for families in poverty. S. Smith, ed. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation, 1995, pp 1-35.
  42. Polit, D. Barriers to self-sufficiency and avenues to success among teenage mothers. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., 1992.
  43. Polit, D., and White, C. The lives of young, disadvantaged mothers: Five year follow-up of the Project Redirection sample. Saratoga Springs, NY: Humanalysis, Inc., 1988.
  44. Quint, J. and Riccio, J. The challenge of serving pregnant and parenting teens: Lessons from Project Redirection. New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation, 1985.
  45. Quint, J., Polit, D., Bos, H., and Cave, G. New chance: Interim findings on a comprehensive program for disadvantaged young mothers and their children. New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation, 1994.
  46. Maynard, R., Nicholson, W., and Rangarajan, A. Breaking the cycle of poverty: The effectiveness of mandatory services for welfare dependent teenage parents. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., 1993.
  47. Maynard, R., and Rangarajan, A. Contraceptive use and repeat pregnancies among welfare-dependent teenage mothers. Family Planning Perspectives (1994) 26,5:198-205.
  48. Aber, J.L., Berlin, L., Brooks-Gunn, J., and Carcagno, G. The Interactions and Developmental Processes study of the Teenage Parent Demonstration Project: Final report. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., 1995.
  49. Hershey, A. Case management for teenage parents: Lessons from the Teenage Parent Demonstration. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., 1991.
  50. Hershey, A. Enrolling teenage AFDC parents in mandatory education and training programs: Lessons from the Teenage Parent Demonstration. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., 1991.
  51. Hershey, A., and Silverberg, M. Costs of mandatory education and training programs for teenage parents on welfare: Lessons from the Teenage Parent Demonstration. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., 1993.
  52. This section draws heavily on Polit, D. Barriers to self-sufficiency and avenues to success among teenage mothers. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., 1992.
  53. Galinsky, E., Howes, C., Kontos, S., and Shinn, M. The study of children in family child care and relative care: Highlights of findings. New York: Families and Work Institute, 1994.
  54. This section draws heavily on Hershey, A., and Maynard, R. Designing and implementing services for welfare dependent teenage parents: Lessons from the DHHS/OFA-sponsored Teenage Parent Demonstration. Written statement for the Committee on Ways and Means, March 6, 1992. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., 1992.
  55. Kisker, E., Maynard, R., Gordon, A., and Strain, M. The child care challenge: What parents need and what is available in three metropolitan areas. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., 1989.
  56. Larner, M. In the neighborhood: Programs that strengthen family day care for low-income families. New York, NY: National Center for Children in Poverty, 1994.
  57. This section draws heavily on work cited in note no. 46, Maynard, Nicholson, and Rangarajan.
  58. This section draws heavily on work cited in note no. 48, Aber, Berlin, Brooks-Gunn, and Carcagno.
  59. Klebanov, P.K., Brooks-Gunn, J., and Duncan, G.J. Does neighborhood and family poverty affect mothers' parenting, mental health, and social support? Journal of Marriage and the Family (1994) 56,2: 441-55.
  60. Wilson, W.J. Studying inner-city social dislocations: The challenge of public agenda research. American Sociological Review (1991) 56,11:1-14.