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Journal Issue: Financing Child Care Volume 6 Number 2 Summer/Fall 1996

Child Care in the United States Today
Authors: Sandra L. Hofferth

Endnotes

  1. Hernandez, D.J. Changing demographics: Past and future demands for early childhood programs. The Future of Children (Winter 1995) 5,3:145–60.
  2. West, J., Wright, D., and Hausken, E.G. Child care and early education program participation of infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, 1995.
  3. Casper, L.M. What does it cost to mind our preschoolers? U.S. Bureau of the Census. Current Population Reports, P-70, no. 52. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1995.
  4. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Child care costs and arrangements: Fall 1993. Unpublished tables. Current Population Reports, P-70, no. 52. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1995.
  5. Hofferth, S., Brayfield, A., Deich, S., and Holcomb, P. National Child Care Survey, 1990. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 1991.
  6. Kisker, E., Hofferth, S., Phillips, D., and Farquhar, E. A profile of child care settings: Early education and care in 1990. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, 1991.
  7. Whitebook, M., Howes, C., and Phillips, D. Who cares? Child care teachers and the quality of care in America. Oakland, CA: Child Care Employee Project, 1989.
  8. Helburn, S., Culkin, M., Morris, J., et al. Cost, quality, and child outcomes in child care centers: Public report. Denver, CO: Department of Economics, University of Colorado, 1995.
  9. Key resources that were used were (1) the U.S. Department of Education's 1995 National Household Education Survey (see note no. 2, West, Wright, and Hausken); (2) the U.S. Bureau of the Census' 1993 supplement to the Survey of Income and Program Participation (see note no. 3, Casper, and note no. 4, U.S. Bureau of the Census); (3) the National Child Care Survey, 1990 (NCCS), a nationally representative survey of 4,400 families with children under age 13 conducted in late 1989 and early 1990 (see note no. 5, Hofferth, Brayfield, Deich, and Holcomb); (4) A Profile of Child Care Settings (PCS), a nationally representative survey of center directors and family day care home providers (see note no. 6, Kisker, Hofferth, Phillips, and Farquhar); (5) the 1988 Child Care Staffing Study (see note no. 7, Whitebook, Howes, and Phillips); and (6) the 1994 Cost, Quality and Child Outcomes Study (see note no. 8, Helburn, Culkin, Howes, et al).
  10. Larner, M. In the neighborhood: Programs that strengthen family day care for low-income families. New York: National Center for Children in Poverty, 1994.
  11. Blank, H. Protecting our children: State and federal policies for exempt child care settings. Washington, DC: Children's Defense Fund, 1994. The eight states were Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Oklahoma, and Washington.
  12. Hayes, C., Palmer, J., and Zaslow, M., eds. Who cares for America's children? Child care policy for the 1990s. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1990.
  13. The Children's Foundation. 1995 Family Child Care Licensing Study. Washington, DC: The Children's Foundation, 1995.
  14. Willer, B., Hofferth, S., Kisker, E.E., et al. The demand and supply of child care in 1990. Washington, DC: National Association for the Education of Young Children, 1991.
  15. Hofferth, S. Who enrolls in Head Start? A demographic analysis of Head Starteligible children. Early Childhood Research Quarterly (1994) 9:243–68.
  16. Hofferth, S., and Kisker, E.E. Comprehensive services in child-care settings: Prevalence and correlates. Pediatrics (December 1994) 94, 6, Suppl. 1088–91.
  17. Phillips, D., Lande, J. and Goldberg, M. The state of child care regulation: A comparative analysis. Early Childhood Research Quarterly (1990) 5:151–79.
  18. U.S. Department of Labor. Marital and family characteristics of the labor force from the March 1994 Current Population Survey. Washington, DC: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1995.
  19. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Statistical abstract of the United States 1993. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993.
  20. Hernandez, D.J. America's children: Resources from family, government, and the economy. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1993, p. 66.
  21. Bruno, R. After school care of school age children. December 1984. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Current Population Reports, P-23, no. 149, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1987. As cited in note no. 12, Hayes, Palmer, and Zaslow, eds.
  22. Gomby, D.S., and Larner, M.B., eds. Long-term outcomes of early childhood programs. The Future of Children (Winter 1995) 5,3:1–224.
  23. See, for example, National Governors' Association. Every child ready for school: Report of the Action Team on School Readiness. Washington, DC: National Governors' Association, 1992. The federal Goals 2000 program is another example.
  24. Kaufman, P. Report on preschool enrollment to 1991. Berkeley, CA: MPR Associates, Inc., 1993.
  25. Hofferth, S., West, J., Henke, R., and Kaufman, P. Access to early childhood programs for children at risk. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, 1994.
  26. Hofferth, S. Caring for children at the poverty line. Children and Youth Services Review (1995) 17,1–3:61–90.
  27. U.S. Department of Labor, Women's Bureau. Care around the clock: Developing child care resources before 9 and after 5. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, April 1995.
  28. Fronstin, P., and Wissoker, D. The effects of the availability of low-cost child care on the labor supply of low-income women. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America. Miami, FL. May 1994.
  29. Fuller, B., and Liang, X. Can poor families find child care? Persisting inequality nationwide and in Massachusetts. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Child Care and Family Policy Project, 1995.
  30. Coelen, C., Glantz, F., and Calore, D. Day care centers in the U.S.: A national profile 1976–1977. Cambridge, MA: Abt Books, 1979.
  31. Ruopp, R., Travers, J., Glantz, F., and Coelen, C. Children at the center: Summary findings and their implications. Cambridge, MA: Abt Books, 1979.
  32. Fosburg, S. Family day care in the United States: National Day Care Home Study. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1981.
  33. To examine trends for center-based programs, a subsample of the PCS data was selected and compared with results from the 1976–77 National Day Care Survey (see note no. 30, Coelen, Glantz, and Calore, and note no. 31, Ruopp, Travers, Glantz, and Coelen). To be comparable to the earlier study, the PCS subsample was restricted to programs operating at least 25 hours per week for 9 months a year, with a licensed capacity of 13 or more children and enrollments including 50% or fewer handicapped children. To make comparisons of family child care over time with the 1976–77 National Day Care Home Study (see note no. 32, Fosburg), regulated family child care homes in the PCS were selected that enrolled at least one child between 12 and 60 months of age for pay and for at least 20 hours per week and were located in metropolitan areas.
  34. Whitebook, M., Phillips, D., and Howes, C. National Child Care Staffing Study revisited: Four years in the life of center-based child care. Oakland, CA: Child Care Employee Project, 1993. Results indicated an annual turnover rate across all staff and participating centers of 26% between 1991 and 1992.
  35. Whitebook, M. Salary improvements in Head Start: Lessons for the early care and education field. Washington, DC: National Center for the Early Childhood Work Force, 1995.
  36. Phillips, D., Voran, M., Kisker, E., et al. Child care for children in poverty: Opportunity or inequity. Child Development (1994) 65:472–92.
  37. Hofferth, S., and Wissoker, D. Price, quality, and income in child care choice. Journal of Human Resources (1992) 27,1:70–111.
  38. Connelly, R. The effect of child care costs on married women's labor force participation. Review of Economics and Statistics (1992) 74,1:83–90.
  39. Kimmel, J. Child care and the employment behavior of single and married mothers. Working Paper 92-14. Kalamazoo, MI: Upjohn Institute, 1992.
  40. Blau, D.M., and Robins, P.K. Fertility, employment, and child care costs. Demography (1989)26:287–99.
  41. Chilman, C. Working poor families: Trends, causes, effects, and suggested policies. Family Relations (1991) 40:191–98.
  42. Cackley, A. Child care subsidies increase likelihood that low-income mothers will work. Washington, DC: General Accounting Office, 1994.
  43. Siegel, G., and Loman, L.A. Child care and AFDC recipients in Illinois: Patterns, problems, and needs. St. Louis, MO: Institute of Applied Research, 1991.
  44. Meyers, M. Child care in JOBS employment and training programs: What difference does quality make? Journal of Marriage and the Family (1993) 56:767–83.
  45. Meyers, M. Cracks in the seams: Durability of child care in JOBS welfare to work programs. Unpublished manuscript. 1994.
  46. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Current Population Survey, March 1992, as cited in U.S. Department of Labor, Women's Bureau. 1993 Handbook on women workers: Trends and issues. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1994.
  47. Hofferth, S., and Chaplin, D. Child care quality versus availability: Do we have to trade one for the other? Washington, DC: The Urban Institute, 1994.
  48. Porter, T. Just like any parent: The child care choices of welfare mothers in New Jersey. New York: Bank Street College of Education, 1991.
  49. Galinsky, E., Howes, C., Kontos, S., and Shinn, M. The study of children in family child care and relative care. New York: Families and Work Institute, 1994.