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Journal Issue: The Juvenile Court Volume 6 Number 3 Winter 1996

The Future of the Juvenile Court: Promising New Directions
Authors: Hon. Leonard P. Edwards

Endnotes

  1. California Child Victim Witness Advisory Committee. California Child Victim Witness Advisory Committee final report. Sacramento, CA: California Attorney General's Office, 1988; see Rubin, H.T. Child and family legal proceedings: Court structure, statutes and rules. In Families in court. M. Hofford, ed. Reno, NV: National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges, 1989, pp. 25–61; see also Page, R. Family courts: An effective judicial approach to the resolution of family disputes. Juvenile and Family Court Journal (1993) 44:3–60.
  2. Rubin, H.T. Should juvenile courts become family courts? Community Corrections Report. Juvenile Justice Workshop (1995); see also note no. 1, Page; Rubin, H.T., and Flango, V.E. Court coordination of family cases. National Center for State Courts. Williamsburg, VA: State Justice Institute, 1992; and Town, M. The unified family court: Therapeutic justice for children and families. Paper presented at the Third Annual Conference on Children, Families and the Law. Denver, CO, February 24, 1995.
  3. Woo, J. More states use single court in family feuds. Wall Street Journal. June 25, 1992, at B1; Preliminary Report to the Utah Judicial Council, May 24, 1994. Utah Family Court Task Force, Administrative Office of the Courts, Salt Lake City. In November 1990, the people of the state of Nevada passed a constitutional amendment approving the creation of a family court in that state. Subsequently, funding was approved by the state legislature. Since then, family courts have been implemented in Nevada's two largest counties, Clark and Washoo. See Final report of the Nevada Family Court Task Force. Reno, NV: National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges, 1991. Pilot family court projects are under way in California, Florida, Kentucky, and Virginia. Colorado, Maine, and New Hampshire have created task forces to examine the feasibility of such a court. On September 12, 1991, the Florida Supreme Court approved the recommendation of the Commission on Family Courts to create a family law division in each Florida judicial circuit. The supreme court noted that such a division "will provide a better means for resolution of family issues." In re Report of the Commission on Family Court. No. 77, 623 (FL 12 Sept. 1991). Not all states have implemented the unified family court. After studies, both Colorado and Utah decided not to adopt the unified family court.
  4. Edwards, L. The relationship of juvenile and family courts in child abuse cases. Santa Clara University Law Review (Spring 1987) 27,2:201–78.
  5. California Code of Civil Procedure § 1048. St. Paul, MN: West, 1996; see also note no. 1, Page, pp. 26–27; and note no. 2, Rubin and Flango, p. 10.
  6. Hardin, M., and Whitcomb, D. Coordination of criminal and juvenile court proceedings in child maltreatment cases. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice, 1995.
  7. Edwards, L., and Sagatun, I. Who speaks for the child? University of Chicago Roundtable (1995) 2,1:67–94; see also Edwards, L. A comprehensive approach to the representation of children: The child advocacy coordinating council. Family Law Quarterly (Fall 1993) 27,3:417–31.
  8. See note no. 1, Page, pp. 27–29; see also note no. 2, Rubin and Flango, pp. 7-36, 49–50, and 70–71.
  9. Edwards, L., and Baron, S. Alternatives to contested litigation in child abuse and neglect cases. Family and Conciliation Courts Review (July 1994) 33,3:275–85.
  10. See note no. 9, Edwards and Baron; the Publication Development Committee, Victims of Child Abuse Project, Resource guidelines: Improving court practice in child abuse and neglect cases. Reno, NV: National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges, 1995, Appendix B.
  11. See note no. 1, Page, pp. 30–34.
  12. Metropolitan Court Judges Committee. A new approach to runaway, truant, substance abusing and beyond control children. Reno, NV: National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges, Metropolitan Court Judges Committee, 1990, pp. 31–49.
  13. School Attendance Review Boards, Article 8, California Education Code, §§ 48320-48324. St. Paul, MN: West, 1995.
  14. Gonzales, S. Parents of truants held responsible. San Jose Mercury News. September 23, 1995, at B1.
  15. Steinhart, D. Legal issues and procedures for teen courts. Handbook on teen courts. Lexington, KY: American Probation and Parole Association, 1995.
  16. See note no. 9, Edwards and Baron, p. 135.
  17. Wilcox, R., Smith, D., Moore, J., et al. Family decision making: Family group conferences. Lower Hutt, New Zealand: Practitioners' Publishing, 1991.
  18. Connolly, M. An act of empowerment: The Children, Young Persons and Their Families Act, 1989. United Kingdom, Birmingham: British Association of Social Workers, 1994.
  19. Nice, J. Family unity model: An option for strengthening families. Sheridan, OR: Jim Nice (503-843- 5150), 1994; see also Pennell, J., and Burford, G. Family group decision making: New roles for "old" partners in resolving family violence. St. John's, Newfoundland: Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1995.
  20. These programs have many names, including "guardian ad litem" projects. See Ray-Bittneski, C. Court appointed special advocate: Guardian ad litem for abused and neglected children. Juvenile and Family Court Journal (1978) 29:65–66; see also National Court-Appointed Special Advocate Association. Report of the National CASA Association. Seattle, WA: National CASA Association, 1994, 1.
  21. See note no. 20, National Court-Appointed Special Advocate Association.
  22. Boseman, V. Hand-in-hand mentor program. San Francisco: National Council on Crime and Delinquency, 1995; see also Onek, D. Pairing college students with delinquents: The Missouri case monitoring program. San Francisco: NCCD, 1994.
  23. Edwards, L. The juvenile court and the role of the juvenile court judge. Juvenile and Family Court Journal (1992) 42,2:30–32. The accomplishments of the listed partnerships are reviewed.
  24. McGee, T.P. Preventing juvenile crime: What a judge can do. The Judges' Journal (1986) 24:20–23 and 51–52; see also Sikorsky, J.B., and McGee, T.P., Learning disabilities and the juvenile justice system. Reno, NV: National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges, 1986.
  25. For further information about the Children's Cabinet, contact Judge Charles McGee or Executive Director Sheila Leslie, the Children's Cabinet, 1090 S. Rock Boulevard, Reno, NV 89502, (702) 785-4000.
  26. For further information, contact Chief Judge Eugene Arthur Moore, Probate Court, County of Oakland, 1200 N. Telegraph Road, Pontiac, MI 48341-1043.
  27. For further information about the Children's Network, write: Children's Network, County Government Center, Second Floor, 385 North Arrowhead Avenue, San Bernardino, CA 92415-0121, (714) 387-8966.
  28. For further information about Kids in Common, contact Judith Kleinberg, Executive Director, 55 S. Market Street, San Jose, CA 95113, (408) 882-0900.
  29. "The times are changing, perhaps more rapidly than might be imagined. [P]eople not only want to help children generally, they want particularly to help the children who are living in poverty. . . . Politicians who ignore these pleadings from the American people do so at their own peril. It is a plaintive and poignant demand that simply will not go away." Louis Harris Poll, 1986. Reported by L.B. Schoor. Within our reach: Breaking the cycle of disadvantage. New York: Anchor Press, 1988, p. 294; see also S.F. voters approve "Kids Amendment." San Francisco Chronicle. November 6, 1991, at A4; Zane, J.P. As social need rises, so does volunteerism. New York Times. January 6, 1992, at A1, A12.
  30. The successful juvenile justice system will "develop personal responsibility in juvenile offenders by imposing consistent and appropriate sanctions for every criminal act." Recommendation 1. In Recommendations on crime and violence. Self-Esteem Task Force. Sacramento, CA: Self-Esteem Task Force, 1990.
  31. Edwards, L. The juvenile court and the role of the juvenile court judge. Juvenile and Family Court Journal (1992) 43,2:25–32.