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Journal Issue: Welfare to Work Volume 7 Number 1 Spring 1997

A Brief History of Work Expectations for Welfare Mothers
Authors: Susan W. Blank Barbara B. Blum

Endnotes

  1. Cotter, J.H. Twenty years of welfare reform: An insider's view. In Reforming welfare: Lessons, limits, and choices. R.M. Coughlin, ed. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 1989.
  2. Holcomb, P.A. Welfare reform: The Family Support Act in historical context. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 1993.
  3. Brown, J.C. Public relief 1929–39. New York: Henry Holt, 1940, p. 309. As quoted in Gordon, L. Pitied but not entitled: Single mothers and the history of welfare. New York: Free Press, 1994.
  4. See note no. 3, Gordon.
  5. Chase-Lansdale, P.L., and Vinovskis, M.A. Whose responsibility? An historical analysis of the changing roles of mothers, fathers, and society. In Escape from poverty: What makes a difference for children? P.L. Chase-Lansdale and J. Brooks-Gunn, eds. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995, pp. 11–37.
  6. Jencks, C. Rethinking social policy: Race, poverty, and the underclass. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992, pp. 2–3.
  7. Berrick, J.D. Faces of poverty: Portraits of women and children on welfare. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
  8. Cohen, A. A brief history of public financing for child care in the United States. The Future of Children (Summer/Fall 1996) 6,2:26–40.
  9. Trattner, W.I., From poor law to welfare state: A history of social welfare in America. New York: Free Press, 1989.
  10. Katz, M.B. In the shadow of the poorhouse: A social history of welfare in America. New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1986.
  11. Piven, F., and Cloward, R. Regulating the poor: The functions of public welfare. Updated ed. New York: Vintage Books, 1993, pp. 330–31.
  12. Goodwin, L. Causes and cures of welfare: New evidence on the social psychology of the poor. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, D.C. Heath, 1983, p. 2.
  13. Pizzo, P. Slouching toward Bethlehem: American federal policy perspectives on children and their families. In Children, families, and government: Perspectives on American social policy. E.F. Zigler, S.L. Kagan, and E. Klugman, eds. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 10–32.
  14. Nightingale, D.S., and Burbridge, L. The status of work-welfare programs in 1985: Implications for welfare reform. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 1987.
  15. Gueron, J.M. Work initiatives for welfare recipients. New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation, 1986.
  16. Gould-Stewart, J. Welfare women in a group job search program: Their experiences in the Louisville WIN Research Laboratory Project. New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation, 1992, p. 2.
  17. American Public Welfare Association. One child in four. Washington, DC: American Public Welfare Association, 1986.
  18. Nathan, R. Turning promises into performance. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993.
  19. Levitan, S.A. Working but poor: America's contradiction. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987.
  20. Ellwood, D.T. Poor support: Poverty in the American family. New York: Basic Books, 1988.
  21. U.S. General Accounting Office. Welfare to work: Participants' characteristics and services provided in JOBS. GAO/HEHS-95-93. Washington, DC: GAO, 1995.
  22. Szanton, P.L. The remarkable "Quango": Knowledge, politics and welfare reform. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management (Fall 1991) 10,4:590–602.
  23. Baum, E.B. When the witch doctors agree: The Family Support Act and social science research. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management (Fall 1991) 10,4:603–15.
  24. Haskins, R., Congress writes a law: Research and welfare reform. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management (Fall 1991) 10,4:616–32.
  25. Blum, B.B., and Blank, S. The work/welfare demonstration. Public Welfare (Fall 1990) 48,4:4–18.
  26. Reischauer, R. The welfare reform legislation: Directions for the future. In Welfare policy for the 1990s. P.H. Cottingham and D.T. Ellwood, eds. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989, pp. 10–40. Quoted material is from p. 11.
  27. Gueron, J.M., and Pauly, E. From welfare to work. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1991.
  28. Freedman, S., and Friedlander, D. The JOBS evaluation: Early findings on program impacts in three sites. Executive summary. New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation, 1995.
  29. Hagen, J.L., and Lurie, I. Implementing JOBS: Progress and promise. Albany, NY: Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Government, State University of New York, August 1994.
  30. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. The state low-income initiatives project: A concept paper. Washington, DC: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, September 19, 1995, p. 13.
  31. Gueron, J.M. Work programs and welfare reform. Public Welfare (Summer 1995) 53,3:7–16.
  32. Golden, O. Poor children and welfare reform. Westport, CT: Auburn House, 1992.
  33. Hagen, J.L., and Lurie, I. How 10 states implemented JOBS. Public Welfare (Summer 1992) 50,3:13–21.
  34. Gueron, J.M., President, Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation. Testimony before the U.S. Senate Committee on Finance. Washington, DC, March 1995.
  35. Smith, S., Blank, S., and Collins, R. Pathways to self-sufficiency for two generations: Designing welfare-to-work programs that benefit children and strengthen families. New York: Foundation for Child Development in partnership with the National Center for Children in Poverty, 1992.
  36. St. Pierre, R.G., Layzer, J.I., and Barnes, H.V. Two-generation programs: Design, cost, and short-term effectiveness. The Future of Children (Winter 1995) 5,3:76–93.
  37. See, for example, Burtless, G. Employment prospects of welfare recipients, pp. 72–106, and Blank, R.M. U.S. labor market and prospects for low wage entry jobs, pp. 33–69. In The Work Alternative. D.S. Nightingale and R.M. Haveman, eds. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 1994.
  38. See note no. 34, Gueron, p. 11.
  39. See note no. 34, Gueron, p. 15.
  40. Hayes, C.D., Palmer, J.L., and Zaslow, M.J., eds. Who cares for America's children? Child care policy for the 1990s. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1990.
  41. Galinsky, E., Howes, C., Kontos, S., and Shinn, M. The study of children in family child care and relative care: Highlights of findings. New York: Families and Work Institute, 1994.