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Journal Issue: Protecting Children from Abuse and Neglect Volume 8 Number 1 Spring 1998

Protecting Children from Abuse and Neglect: Analysis and Recommendations
Authors: Mary B. Larner Carol S. Stevenson Richard E. Behrman

Endnotes

  1. Hewitt, B. A day in the life. People Weekly (December 15, 1997) 48,24:48–58. Quotes on p. 49.
  2. Christian, S.M. New directions for child protective services: Supporting children, families, and communities through legislative reform. Denver, CO: National Conference of State Legislatures, July 1997.
  3. Costin, L.B., Karger, H.J., and Stoesz, D. The politics of child abuse in America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
  4. Gelles, R. The book of David: How preserving families can cost children's lives. New York: Basic Books, 1996.
  5. Lindsey, D. The welfare of children. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
  6. Schorr, L.B. Common purpose: Strengthening families and neighborhoods to rebuild America. New York: Anchor Books, Doubleday, 1997.
  7. U.S. General Accounting Office. Child protective services: Complex challenges require new strategies. GAO/HEHS-97-115. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office, July 1997.
  8. National Commission on Children. Beyond rhetoric: A new American agenda for children and families. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1991. Quote on p. 293.
  9. These criticisms are noted on p. 129 of Weber, M. The assessment of child abuse: A primary function of child protective services. In The battered child. 5th ed. M.E. Helfer, R.S. Kempe, and R.D. Krugman, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997, pp. 120–49.
  10. Karger, H.J., and Stoesz, D. Rethinking child welfare services: The Children's Authority. Children and Youth Services Review (1997) 18,1/2:119–33.
  11. Schuerman, J.R., Rzepnicki, T.L., and Littell, J.H. Putting families first: An experiment in family preservation. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1994.
  12. Wilson, D., and Morton, T.D. Issues in CPS decision making. In Decision making in children's protective services: Advancing the state of the art. T.D. Morton and W. Holder, eds. Atlanta, GA: Child Welfare Institute, 1997, pp. 1–16.
  13. National Research Council. Understanding child abuse and neglect. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1993.
  14. The journal does not provide a comprehensive analysis of the causes and consequences of child abuse and neglect, nor does it focus on substitute care arrangements such as foster care and adoption, although these are critical parts of the child protection system.
  15. Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act of 1974. Public Law 93-247, 88 STAT.4, §3.
  16. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect. Child maltreatment 1995: Reports from the states to the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
  17. Hardin, M. Responsibilities and effectiveness of the juvenile court in handling dependency cases. The Future of Children (Winter 1996) 6,3:111–25.
  18. Petit, M.R., and Curtis, P.A. Child abuse and neglect: A look at the states. 1997 CWLA stat book. Washington, DC: CWLA Press, 1997.
  19. American Humane Association. Twenty years after CAPTA: A portrait of the child protective services system. Englewood, CO: AHA, 1994, p. 65.
  20. Bensel, W.T., Rheinberger, M.M., and Radbill, S.X. Children in a world of violence. In The battered child. 5th ed. M.E. Helfer, R.S. Kempe, and R.D. Krugman, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997, pp. 3–28.
  21. McGowan, B.G. Historical evolution of child welfare services: An examination of the sources of current problems and dilemmas. In Child welfare: Current dilemmas, future directions. B. McGowan and W. Meezan, eds. Itasca, IL: Peacock Publishers, 1983, pp. 46–90.
  22. Larner, M.L., Terman, D.L., and Behrman, R.E. Welfare to work: Analysis and recommendations. The Future of Children (Spring 1997) 7,1:4–19.
  23. Hutchison, E.D. Mandatory reporting laws: Child protective case finding gone awry? Social Work (1993) 38,1:56–68.
  24. Barth, R.P., Courtney, M., Berrick, J.D., and Albert, V. From child abuse to permanency planning: Child welfare services, pathways, and placements. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1994.
  25. Courtney, M. Reconsidering family preservation: A review of Putting Families First. Children and Youth Services Review (1997) 19,1/2:61–76, quote on p. 68.
  26. Kamerman, S., and Kahn, A. Social services for children, youth, and families in the United States. Children and Youth Services Review (1990) 12,1/2:1–184.
  27. U.S. General Accounting Office. Opportunities to further enhance family preservation and support activities. GAO/HEHS-95-112. Washington, DC: GAO, June 1995; see also U.S. General Accounting Office. States' progress in implementing Family Preservation and Support Services. GAO/HEHS-97-43. Washington, DC: GAO, February 1997.
  28. Melton, G.B., and Barry, F.D. Neighbors helping neighbors: The vision of the U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect. In Protecting children from abuse and neglect: Foundations for a new national strategy. G.B. Melton and F.D. Barry, eds. New York: Guilford Press, 1994, pp. 1–13, see p. 3.
  29. Karski, R.W., Gilbert, N., and Frame, L. Evaluating the Emergency Response System's screening, assessment, and referral of child-abuse reports. CPS Brief (December 1997) 9,5:1–11.
  30. See note no. 4, Gelles, p. 88.
  31. English, D. Current knowledge about CPS decision making. In Decision making in children's protective services: Advancing the state of the art. T.D. Morton and W. Holder, eds. Atlanta, GA: Child Welfare Institute, 1997, pp. 56–74.
  32. Curtis, P.A., Boyd, J.D., Liepold, M., and Petit, M. Child abuse and neglect: A look at the states: CWLA stat book. Washington, DC: CWLA Press, 1996, p. 12.
  33. Wang, C.T., and Daro, D. Current trends in child abuse reporting and fatalities: Results of the 1996 annual fifty-state survey. Chicago: National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse, 1997.
  34. A number of reform proposals would give responsibility for the investigation of child abuse (which can be seen as an assault on children by their parents or caretakers) to law enforcement, or otherwise ensure that the police play a more routine and visible role alongside CPS. See note no. 10, Karger and Stoesz, pp. 126–27; and note no. 5, Lindsey, pp. 157–83.
  35. Wald, M.S., and Woolverton, M. Risk assessment: The emperor's new clothes? Child Welfare (November/December 1990) 79,6:483–511.
  36. Children's Research Center. A new approach to child protection: The CRC model. Madison, WI: Children's Research Center, National Council on Crime and Delinquency, 1993.
  37. Inkelas, M., and Halfon, N. Recidivism in child protective services. Child and Youth Services Review (1997) 19,3:139–61.
  38. For instance, decisions about child placements are steered by laws that oblige explicit efforts to keep families together, or that limit the amount of time families have to make changes before losing custody of their children.
  39. Parent, M. Turning stones: My days and nights with children at risk. New York: Harcourt Brace and Company, 1996. Quote on p. 5.
  40. Lieberman, A.A., Hornby, H., and Russell, M. Analyzing the educational backgrounds and work experiences of child welfare personnel: A national study. Social Work (1988) 33,6:485–89.
  41. Curtis, P.A., and Boyd, J.D. 1995 salary study. Washington, DC: Child Welfare League of America, 1996.
  42. See note no. 13, National Research Council, p. 15 and p. 254, respectively.
  43. Schuerman, J.R., Stagner, M., Johnson, P., and Mullen, E. Decision making in child protective services in Cook County. Discussion paper #027. Chicago: Chapin Hall Center for Children at the University of Chicago, 1989.
  44. Daro, D. Confronting child abuse: Research for effective program design. New York: The Free Press, Macmillan, 1988.
  45. Pecora, P., Fraser, M., Nelson, K., et al. Evaluating family-based services. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1995.
  46. Federal funds are provided mainly through Title XX of the Social Security Act, now called the Social Services Block Grant. In nominal dollars, annual federal allocations for this program remained virtually level from 1977 to 1996, but that translates into a decline of 59% after adjusting for inflation. See U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Ways and Means. 1996 green book: Background material and data on programs within the jurisdiction of the Committee on Ways and Means. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996, p. 679.
  47. Steele, B.F. Further reflections on the therapy of those who maltreat children. In The battered child. 5th ed. M.E. Helfer, R.S. Kempe, and R.D. Krugman, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997, pp. 566–76. Quote on p. 566.
  48. Lindsey, D. Family preservation and child protection: Striking a balance. Children and Youth Services Review (1994) 16,5-6:279–94. See also other articles included in the double issue devoted to this single topic.
  49. See note no. 11, Schuerman, Rzepnicki, and Littell, p. 246.
  50. Besharov, D., ed. When drug addicts have children: Reorienting child welfare's response. Washington, DC: Child Welfare League of America, 1994, pp. 81–112.
  51. Beyer, M. Strengths/needs based child welfare practice. The Prevention Report (Fall 1997) 1:4–8.
  52. Lewit, G.M., Terman, D.L., and Behrman, R.E. Children and poverty: Analysis and recommendations. The Future of Children (Summer/Fall 1997) 7,2:4–24.
  53. Sedlak, A.J., and Broadhurst, D.D. Third National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect: Final report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1996.
  54. Pelton, L.H. The role of material factors in child abuse and neglect. In Protecting children from abuse and neglect: Foundations for a new national strategy. G.B. Melton and F.D. Barry, eds. New York: Guilford Press, 1994, pp. 131–81.
  55. By contrast, children from ethnic minority families are not significantly more likely to be identified by community professionals as abused or neglected, although they are overrepresented in the CPS and foster care caseloads. See note no. 53, Sedlak and Broadhurst, p. 8-7.
  56. Halpern, R. Rebuilding the inner city: A history of neighborhood initiatives to address poverty in the United States. New York: Columbia University Press, 1995.
  57. U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect. Neighbors helping neighbors: A new national strategy for the protection of children. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993. Quote on p. 82.
  58. Merkel-Holguin, L., Winterfield, A.P., Harper, C.J., et al. Innovations for children's services for the 21st century: Family group decision making and PATCH. Englewood, CO: American Humane Association, 1997.
  59. Williams, C. Expanding the options in the quest for permanence. In Child welfare: An Africentric perspective. J.E. Everett, S.S. Chipungu, and B.R. Leashore, eds. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1991, pp. 266-89.
  60. Harden, A.W., and Clark, R.L. Informal and formal kinship care. ASPE Task Order HHS-100-95- 0021. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
  61. Hornby, H., Zeller, D., and Karraker, D. Kinship care in America: What outcomes should policy seek? Child Welfare (1996) 75,5:397–418.
  62. Farrow, F. Child protection: Building community partnerships, getting from here to there. Paper prepared for the Executive Session on Child Protection. Malcolm Wiener Center for Social Policy, Kennedy School of Government. Cambridge, MA, 1997.
  63. See note no. 6, Schorr, p. 218.
  64. Krugman, R.D. Child protection policy. In The battered child. 5th ed. M.E. Helfer, R.S. Kempe, and R.D. Krugman, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997, pp. 627–42, quote on p. 636.
  65. Shirk, M. Covering child abuse. The Children's Beat (Summer 1997) 4,4:1–9.