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Journal Issue: When School Is Out Volume 9 Number 2 Fall 1999

America's Schoolchildren: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Elise Cappella Mary B. Larner

Endnotes

  1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Trends in the well-being of America's children and youth. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997, pp. 12–15.
  2. U.S. Department of Education and U.S. Department of Justice. Safe and smart: Making after-school hours work for kids. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1998. Available online at http://www.ed.gov/pubs/SafeandSmart.
  3. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Resident population of the United States: Estimates, by age and sex. Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of the Census. Internet release date, June 25, 1998. Available online at http://www.census.gov/population/estimates/nation/intfile2-1.txt.
  4. Hernandez, D.J. America's children: Resources from family, government, and the economy. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1993, p. 26.
  5. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Statistical abstract of the United States 1997. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997, p. 88.
  6. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Historical statistics of the United States: Colonial times to 1970, bicentennial edition, part 1. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975, p. 55.
  7. Chadwick, B.A., and Heaton, T.B. Statistical handbook on the American family. Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press, 1998, p. 106.
  8. See note no. 5, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, p. 65.
  9. See note no. 6, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, p. 15.
  10. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Current population reports. U.S. population estimates by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin: 1980 to 1991. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993, p. 29 for 1980 data. See also, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Current population reports. Population projections of the United States by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin: 1995 to 2050. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996, pp. 25 and 77 for 1998 and 2020 projections.
  11. Rumbaut, R.G. Transformations: The post-immigrant generation in an age of diversity. Paper presented at the Eastern Sociological Society, Annual Meeting. Philadelphia, PA, March 19–22, 1998.
  12. West, E. Growing up in twentieth century America: A history and reference guide. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1997.
  13. U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Ways and Means. 1998 green book: Background material and data on programs within the jurisdiction of the Committee on Ways and Means. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1998, Table G-5, p. 1250. See also, Shiono, P., and Quinn, L. Epidemiology of divorce. The Future of Children (Spring 1994) 4,1:15–28; and Furstenberg, F. History and current status of divorce in the United States. The Future of Children (Spring 1994) 4,1:28–43.
  14. See note no. 4, Hernandez, p. 71.
  15. See note no. 13, U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Ways and Means, Table 9-1, p. 661.
  16. See note no. 5, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, p. 404.
  17. See note no. 1, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, p. 82.
  18. See note no. 13, U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Ways and Means, Table G-35, p. 1293.
  19. Corcoran, M.E., and Chaudry, A. The dynamics of childhood poverty. The Future of Children (Summer/Fall 1997) 7,2:40–54.
  20. See note no. 1, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, p. 37.
  21. See note no. 4, Hernandez, p. 245.
  22. Hofferth, S.L. Out-of-school time: Risk and opportunity. In America's working poor. T. Swartz and K.M. Weigert, eds. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1995, pp. 123–53.
  23. See note no. 1, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, p. 35.
  24. See note no. 5, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, p. 44; and note no. 6, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, p. 11.
  25. Popenoe, D. The suburban environment: Sweden and the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977.
  26. Wilson, W.J. The truly disadvantaged: The inner city, the underclass, and public policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
  27. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. The condition of education, 1995. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1995, p. 122.
  28. Littell, J., and Wynn, J. The availability and use of community resources for young adolescents in an inner-city and a suburban community. Chicago: The Chapin Hall Center for Children, University of Chicago, 1989.
  29. Public Agenda. Kids these days: What Americans really think about the next generation. Washington, DC: Public Agenda, 1997.
  30. Fox, J.A., and Newman, S.A. After-school crime or after-school programs: Tuning into the prime time for violent juvenile crime and implications for national policy. A Report to the United States Attorney General. Washington, DC: Fight Crime: Invest in Kids, 1998.
  31. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. 120 years of American education: A statistical portrait. T. Snyder, ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993, p. 14.
  32. See note no. 31, U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, p. 34.
  33. National Education Commission on Time and Learning. Prisoners of time. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1994, p. 7.
  34. Hofferth, S.L. Healthy environments, healthy children: Children in families: A report on the 1997 Panel Study of Income Dynamics Child Development Supplement. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, November 1998, p. 10.
  35. Hewlett, S.A., and West, C. The war against parents: What we can do for America's beleaguered moms and dads. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1998.
  36. Search Institute. Places to grow: Youth development opportunities for 7- to 14-year-olds in Minneapolis. Minneapolis, MN: Search Institute, 1995.
  37. The California Center for Health Improvement. Growing up well: Focus on prevention: Californians favor investing in after-school, mentoring, education programs. Sacramento, CA: CCHI, 1998.
  38. The Charles Stewart Mott Foundation. Poll finds overwhelming support for afterschool enrichment programs to keep kids safe and smart. Press release. Flint, MI: The Charles Stewart Mott Foundation, September 24, 1998. Available online at http://www.mott.org/ special_report/sr_press_release.htm.