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Journal Issue: Domestic Violence and Children Volume 9 Number 3 Winter 1999

Prevalence and Effects of Child Exposure to Domestic Violence
Authors: John W. Fantuzzo Wanda K. Mohr

Endnotes

  1. Chalk, R., and King, P.A., eds. Violence in families. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1998.
  2. Children's Defense Fund. The state of America's children yearbook. Washington, DC: CDF, 1997.
  3. U.S. Department of Justice. Report of the Attorney General's Task Force on Domestic Violence. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 1984.
  4. Bachman, R., and Saltzman, L.E. Violence against women: Estimates from the redesigned survey. Report no. NCJ-154348. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1995.
  5. Fantuzzo, J., Boruch, R., Beriama, A., et al. Domestic violence and children: Prevalence and risk in five major U.S. cities. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (1997) 36:116-22.
  6. Jouriles, E.N. Documenting the prevalence of children's exposure to domestic violence: Issues and controversies. In Intimate violence in the lives of children: The future of research, intervention and social policy. S.A. Graham-Bermann and J.L. Edleson, eds. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, in press.
  7. Cicchetti, D., and Toth, S. A developmental psychopathology perspective on child abuse and neglect. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (1995) 34:541-65.
  8. National Research Council. Understanding violence against women. N.A. Crowell and A.W. Burgess, eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1996; American Psychological Association. Violence and the family: Report of the American Presidential Task Force on Violence and the Family. Washington, DC: APA, 1996; see also note no. 7, Cicchetti and Toth.
  9. Ganley, A., and Schechter, S. Domestic violence: A national curriculum for child protective services. San Francisco: Family Violence Prevention Fund, 1996, p. 5.
  10. National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges. Family violence: A model state code. Reno, NV: NCJFCJ, 1994, p. 1.
  11. Holden, G.W., Geffner, R.A., and Jouriles, E.N. Children exposed to marital violence: Theory, research, and applied issues. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Press, 1998.
  12. Ceci, S., Hembrooke, H., and Bruck, M. Children's reports of personal events. In Rochester symposium on developmental psychopathology: Developmental perspectives on trauma. D. Cicchetti and S. Toth, eds. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 1997, pp. 513-34; Boruch, R. Randomized experiments for planning and evaluation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1997.
  13. Hyman, A., Schiller, D., and Lo, B. Laws mandating reporting of domestic violence. Journal of the American Medical Association (1995) 22:1781-87.
  14. Personal communication with C. Brennan, deputy commissioner for Science and Technology, City of Philadelphia Police Department, September 23, 1998.
  15. Greenfield, L., Rand, M., Craven, D., et al. Violence by intimates: Analysis of data on crimes by current or former spouses, boyfriends, and girlfriends. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, March 1998.
  16. Straus, M.A., and Gelles, R.J. How violent are American families? Estimates from the National Family Violence Resurvey and other studies. In Family abuse and its consequences: New directions in research. G.T. Hotaling, D. Finkelhor, J.T. Kirkpatrick, and M.A. Straus, eds. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1988.
  17. Straus, M. The Conflict Tactics Scale: An evaluation and new data on validity, reliability, norms, and scoring methods. Unpublished manuscript. University of New Hampshire, Durham, 1987; Dobash, R.E., and Dobash, R.P. Social science and social action. Journal of Family Issues (1981) 2:439-70; Rodenburg, F., and Fantuzzo, J. Quantifying wife abuse: Steps toward the development of a comprehensive assessment of violence against women. Journal of Family Violence (1993) 8:203-28. Some of the limitations have been addressed in later revisions. See Straus, M., Hamby, S., Sherry, L., et al. The revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS-2): Development and preliminary psychometric data. Journal of Family Issues (1996) 17:283-316.
  18. Gelles, R.J., and Straus, M.A. Intimate violence. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988.
  19. Carlson, B.E. Children's observations of interparental violence. In Battered women and their families. A.R. Roberts, ed. New York: Springer Publishing, 1984, pp. 147-67.
  20. Straus, M., Gelles, R.J., and Steinmetz, S.K. Behind closed doors: Violence in the American family. Garden City, NY: Anchor, 1980; Gelles, R.J. International trends in community responses to children exposed to domestic violence: Awareness, policy, and program development. Keynote panel presented at the 2nd International Conference on Children Exposed to Family Violence. London, Canada, June 1997.
  21. Tjaden, P., and Thoennes, N. Prevalence, incidence and consequences of violence against women: Findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 1998.
  22. Missing child data included important demographic data, such as gender and ethnicity; data on various known risks to child development; details on the nature of children's exposure; and information on the subsequent psychological impact of the exposure on the children. See note no. 5, Fantuzzo, Boruch, Beriama, et al.
  23. Twenty-three studies, published between 1967 and 1987, were reviewed. Fantuzzo, J., and Lindquist, C. The effects of observing conjugal violence on children: A review and analysis of research methodology. Journal of Family Violence (1989) 4:77-94.
  24. Twenty-nine studies published between 1988 and 1996 were reviewed. Kolbo, J.R., Blakely, E.H., and Engleman, D. Children who witness domestic violence: A review of empirical literature. Journal of Interpersonal Violence (1996) 11:281-93.
  25. Studies reviewed were published between 1981 and 1998. Margolin, G. Effects of domestic violence on children. In Violence against children in the family and the community. P.K. Trickett and C.J. Shellenbach, eds. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1998, pp. 57-101.
  26. Studies reviewed were published between 1988 and 1998. See Mohr, W., Noone, M., Fantuzzo, J., and Perry, M. Domestic violence and children: A review for a developmental epidemiological perspective. Manuscript submitted for publication.
  27. See note no. 25, Margolin, p. 60.
  28. See note no. 25, Margolin, pp. 77-80, 82.
  29. Fantuzzo, J., McDermott, P., and Noone, M. Clinical issues in the assessment of child victims of family violence: Towards more sensitive and responsive assessment. In Assessment of family violence: A clinical and legal sourcebook. 2nd ed. R.T. Ammerman and M. Hersen, eds. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1999, pp. 10-23.
  30. Spaccarelli, S., Sandler, I.N., and Roosa, M. History of spouse violence against mother: Correlated risks and unique effects in child mental health. Journal of Family Violence (1994) 9:79-98.
  31. Fantuzzo, J.W., DePaola, L.M., Lambert, L., et al. Effects of interparental violence on the psychological adjustment and competencies of young children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (1991) 59:258-65.
  32. See note no. 12, Boruch.
  33. Cohen, J. A power primer. Psychological Bulletin (1992) 112:155-59.
  34. Achenbach, T.M. Integrative guide for the 1991 CBCL 4-18 YSR and TRF profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry, 1991.
  35. Coll, C., Lamberty, G., Jenkins, R., et al. An integrative model for the study of developmental competencies in minority children. Child Development (1996) 67:1891-914; Foster, S.L., and Martinez, Jr., C.R. Ethnicity: Conceptual and methodological issues in child clinical research. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology (1995) 24:214-26. See also Drotar, D., Stein, R., and Perrin, E. Methodological issues in using the Child Behavior Checklist and its related instruments in clinical child psychology research. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology (1995) 24:184-92.
  36. Thompson, R.A., and Wilcox, B.L. Child maltreatment research: Federal support and policy issues. American Psychologist (1995) 50:789-93.
  37. Fantuzzo, J., and Boruch, R. Children exposed to family violence: Towards better and more useful knowing. In Child abuse and neglect interventions strategic planning. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, 1997.
  38. The Bureau of Justice Statistics provides access to relevant data sets and links to other sites on its Web site at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/.
  39. See note no. 37, Fantuzzo and Boruch. See also Marans, S. The police-mental health partnership: A community-based response to urban violence. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995; Osofsky, J.D. Children who witness domestic violence: The invisible victims. Social Policy Report (1995) 9:1-19.