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Journal Issue: Children, Youth, and Gun Violence Volume 12 Number 2 Summer/Fall 2002

Where the Guns Come From: The Gun Industry and Gun Commerce
Authors: Garen J. Wintemute

Endnotes

  1. Hoyert, D.L., Arias, E., Smith, B.L., et al. Deaths: Final data for 1999. National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 49, no. 81. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, 2000, pp. 1–114.


  2. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms. Crime gun trace reports (1999): National Report. Washington, DC: ATF, 2000.


  3. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms. Commerce in firearms in the United States. Washington, DC: ATF, 2000.


  4. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms. 1999 production and exportation report. Washington, DC: ATF, 2001.


  5. Wintemute, G.J. Ring of Fire: The handgun makers of southern California. Sacramento, CA: Violence Prevention Research Program, 1994.


  6. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Crime in the United States. Washington, DC: FBI, 1995–1999 editions.


  7. Mintz, J. Producing the handguns of choice is mostly a family affair. Washington Post. January 16, 1994, at H4.


  8. Freedman, A. Fire power: Behind the cheap guns flooding the cities is a California family. The Wall Street Journal. February 28, 1992, at A1.


  9. Cook, P.J., and Ludwig, J. Guns in America: Results of a comprehensive national survey on firearms ownership and use. Washington, DC: Police Foundation, 1996.


  10. Stennies, G., Ikeda, R., Leadbetter, S., et al. Firearm storage practices and children in the home, United States, 1994. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (1999) 153(6):586–90.


  11. Senturia, Y.D., Christoffel, K.K., and Donovan, M. Children's household exposure to guns: A pediatric practice-based survey. Pediatrics (1994) 93(3):469–75.


  12. Smith, T.W. 1998 national gun policy survey of the National Opinion Research Center: Research findings. Chicago: NORC, University of Chicago, 1999.


  13. Schuster, M.A., Franke, T.M., Bastian, A.M., et al. Firearm storage patterns in US homes with children. American Journal of Public Health (2000) 90(4):588–94.


  14. Brent, D.A., Baugher, M., Birmaher, B., et al. Compliance with recommendations to remove firearms in families participating in a clinical trial for adolescent depression. Journal of the American Academy of Childhood and Adolescent Psychiatry (2000) 39(10):1220–26.


  15. Diaz, T. Making a killing: The business of guns in America. New York: New York Press, 1999.


  16. Violence Policy Center. Start 'em young: Recruitment of kids to the gun culture. Washington, DC: VPC, 1999.


  17. Heston, C. From the Capitol: Is freedom lost on the next generation? Guns & Ammo (2000) 40(12):47–48.


  18. Violence Policy Center. From gun games to gun stores: Why the firearms industry wants their video games on your child's wish list. Washington, DC: VPC, 2000.


  19. Sansoni, S. Trigger unhappy: Firearm makers remove name from video games due to poor response. Forbes (August 20, 2001), p. 46.


  20. Hass, R. Affidavit before the United States District Court, Eastern District of New York, in Hamilton v. Accu-Tek, et al. (1996).


  21. Cook, P.J., Molliconi, S., and Cole, T.B. Regulating gun markets. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1995) 86(1):59–92.


  22. Sugarmann, J., and Rand, K. More gun dealers than gas stations: A study of federally licensed firearm dealers in America. Washington, DC: Violence Policy Center, 1992.


  23. Sheley, J.F., and Wright, J.D. Gun acquisition and possession in selected juvenile samples. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 1993; and Smith, M.D. Sources of firearm acquisition among a sample of inner-city youths: Research results and policy implications. Journal of Criminal Justice (1996) 24:361–67.


  24. City of Chicago and County of Cook v. Beretta USA Corp., et al., 1998 (City of Chicago).


  25. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms. Gun shows: Brady checks and crime gun traces. Washington, DC: ATF, 1999.


  26. Beck, A., Gilliard, D.K., Greenfeld, L., et al. Survey of state prison inmates 1991. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1993.


  27. Kennedy, D.M., Piehl, A.E., and Braga, A.A. Gun buy-backs: Where do we stand and where do we go? In Under Fire: Gun buy-back, exchanges and amnesty programs. M. Plotkin, ed. Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum, 1996.


  28. Wintemute, G.J. The relationship between firearm design and firearm violence. Journal of the American Medical Association (1996) 27(22):1749–53.


  29. Zimring, F.E. The medium is the message: Firearm caliber as a determinant of death from assault. Journal of Legal Studies (1972) 1(1):97–123.


  30. Hutson, H.R., Anglin, D., Kyriacou, D., et al. The epidemic of gang-related homicides in Los Angeles County from 1979–1994. Journal of the American Medical Association (1995) 274(13):1031–36.


  31. Block, C.R., and Martin, C. Major trends in Chicago homicide: 1965–1995. Chicago: Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority, 1997.


  32. General Accounting Office. Gun control: Implementation of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act. Washington, DC: GAO, 1996.


  33. Pierce, G.L., Briggs, L., and Carlson, D.A. National report on firearm trace analysis for 1996–1997. Boston: Northeastern University, 1998.


  34. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Survey of state procedures related to firearm sales, midyear 1999. Washington, DC: BJS, 2000.


  35. Veen, J., Dunbar, S., and Ruland, M.S. The BJA firearms trafficking program: Demonstrating effective strategies to control violent crime. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Assistance, 1997.


  36. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms. Following the gun: Enforcing federal laws against firearms traffickers. Washington, DC: ATF, 2000.


  37. National Rifle Association. White House plan nothing new, targets licensed, lawful dealers. Washington, DC: NRA, 2000.


  38. Wintemute, G.J. Relationship between illegal use of handguns and handgun sales volume (Research letter). Journal of the American Medical Association (2000) 284(5):566–67.


  39. General Accounting Office. Federal firearm licensees: Various factors have contributed to the decline in the number of dealers. Washington, DC: GAO, 1996.


  40. Automated records checks of firearm purchasers: Issues and options. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1991.


  41. Federal law and the laws of many states allow felons and others to petition for restoration of the privilege of gun ownership.


  42. Manson, D.A., Gilliard, D.K., and Lauver, G. Presale handgun checks, the Brady interim period, 1994–98. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1999.


  43. Bowling, M., Lauver, G., Gifford, S.L., and Adams, D.B. Background checks for firearm transfers, 2000. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2001.


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  45. General Accounting Office. Implementation of the National Instant Criminal Background Check System. Washington, DC: GAO, 2000.


  46. Wright, M.A., Wintemute, G.J., and Rivara, F.P. Effectiveness of denial of handgun purchase to persons believed to be at high risk for firearm violence. American Journal of Public Health (1999) 89(1):88–90.


  47. It is clear that, among those who purchase guns legally, misdemeanants are at substantially greater risk for committing crimes later. One study compared legal handgun purchasers who had at least one prior misdemeanor conviction to purchasers who had no prior criminal history. The misdemeanants were 6.1 times more likely than those with no prior criminal history to be charged with a new violent offense. See Wintemute, G.J., Drake, C.M., Beaumont, J.J., et al. Prior misdemeanor convictions as a risk factor for later violent and firearm-related criminal activity among authorized purchasers of handguns. Journal of the American Medical Association (1998) 280(24):2083–87. But as with felons, denying handgun purchases by violent misdemeanants appears to be effective, reducing their risk of committing new crimes involving guns or violence by 22% overall, and by 27% among young adults—the age group at highest risk. See Wintemute, G.J., Wright, M.A., Drake, C.M., et al. Subsequent criminal activity among violent misdemeanants who seek to purchase handguns. Journal of the American Medical Association (2001) 285(18):1019–26.


  48. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms. State laws and published ordinances—firearms, 1998. Washington, DC: ATF, 1998.


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  50. Webster, D.W., Vernick, J.S., and Hepburn, L.M. Relationship between licensing, registration, and other gun sales laws and the source state of crime guns. Injury Prevention (2001) 7:184–89.


  51. Vernick, J.S., Webster, D.W., and Hepburn, L.M. Effects of Maryland's law banning Saturday night special handguns on crime guns. Injury Prevention (1999) 5:259–63.


  52. Webster, D.W., Vernick, J.S., and Hepburn, L.M. Effects of Maryland's law banning "Saturday night special" handguns on homicides. American Journal of Epidemiology (March 1, 2002) 155(5):406–12.


  53. In some cities, sales of banned guns fell rapidly to zero; in other cities, sales were not greatly affected. See Wintemute, G.J. The effectiveness of local ordinances banning the sale of "Saturday night special" handguns: A preliminary study. Sacramento, CA: Violence Prevention Research Program, 2000.


  54. Loftin, C., McDowall, D., Wiersema, C.B., and Cottey, T.J. Effects of restrictive licensing of handguns on homicide and suicide in the District of Columbia. New England Journal of Medicine (1991) 325(23):1615–20.